Such a tilt in world power would indicate major historical changes in China’s and the party’s favour, but it is far from a settled matter.
But subsequent prophecies of an inevitable overtaking – in vogue at the time – now seem premature. Strict Covid lockdowns in 2022 and a bumpier than expected recovery last year have raised questions at home and abroad over whether Beijing still has a chance to challenge Washington’s global leadership, at least in GDP terms.
14:45
An unwinnable conflict? The US-China trade war, 5 years on
An unwinnable conflict? The US-China trade war, 5 years on
Building on academic discussions over “peak China”, a phrase coined by Tufts University professor Michael Beckley to suggest the country had reached its expansionary limit, US officials have begun to make their own predictions of their rival’s decline. National security adviser Jake Sullivan said at a Council on Foreign Relations event in late January the moment for a dethroning “may never come”.
The US economy rose by 6.3 per cent in nominal terms to US$27.36 trillion last year, outstripping China’s 4.6 per cent gain by a comfortable margin and plunging the latter’s relative strength to about 65 per cent.
It’s a narrative war, and by and large a financial war
And this battle, they argued, is one Chinese leaders cannot afford to lose.
Chen Wenling, chief economist with the Beijing-based China Centre for International Economic Exchanges, said the bearish takes on the Chinese economy which started last summer – and the consequent capital flight – could be a calculated strategy.
“The badmouthing and short-seller attacks unfolded in tandem,” she said in an interview last week with Guancha, an online news platform. “It’s a narrative war, and by and large a financial war.”
China has taken on greater prominence in the global economy over the past four decades, regularly posting double-digit GDP growth figures and contributing a sizeable portion to the world’s cumulative expansion.
Its rapid rise – overtaking Germany as top exporter in 2009 and surpassing Japan the next year to become the world’s second-largest economy – buttressed the legitimacy of the Communist Party while quieting theories of imminent collapse that had bubbled up in the wake of the Soviet Union’s dissolution.
Most notably, the research unit of investment bank Goldman Sachs caused a stir in 2003 by setting 2041 as the year in which China and the US would switch places at the economic table.
“Promoting one’s GDP has become a game of wits designed to impress the rest of the world – if anyone is listening. It’s less about true economics and more about promoting one’s way of life and political system,” said James Zimmerman, a partner at international law firm Perkins Coie and former chairman of the American Chamber of Commerce in China.
“Washington is indeed using China’s current economic woes to emphasise American superiority.”
The world’s second-largest economy has put up its defences in recent months by playing up China’s economic prospects via state-run media organisations.
Comparing the core economic data of the two countries, we will find that China’s real economy is far ahead of the US’
The country contributed around 30 per cent to global growth last year, roughly the same as after the 2008 global financial crisis. It remains a leading producer of industrial and consumer goods, and has held its spot as the world’s top exporter.
“Comparing the core economic data of the two countries, we will find that China’s real economy is far ahead of the US’,” Wang Wen, executive director of Renmin University’s Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies, wrote in an article on Friday.
Although geopolitical smack talk is nothing new, Wang said, government action to fix domestic problems like unemployment and investor confidence would go a long way in terms of a rejoinder.
A larger challenge will be convincing the developing world, which has relied heavily on China to finance major projects and purchase commodities, including durians, iron ore and crude oil.
Washington didn’t care about China’s GDP 30 years ago, but now its president and its ambassador are talking about it
“The need for Beijing to revive growth against a bigger GDP gap may mean Beijing will find itself in a weaker position in its talks with the US and other major powers to bring in investments or resolve trade issues,” said Fu Weigang, executive director with the Shanghai Institute of Finance and Law.
Fu, however, sensed more unease from Washington given Beijing’s rapid climb up the economic ladder.
“Washington didn’t care about China’s GDP 30 years ago, but now its president and its ambassador are talking about it,” he said.
“Because the worries are already there and they have to dispel them.”
On the few occasions they have discussed the widened gap with Washington, Chinese officials have largely attributed it to the yuan’s exchange rate and inflation.
The Chinese currency depreciated 4.9 per cent against the US dollar last year, dragging down 2023’s economic output in dollar terms by 0.5 per cent compared to the year before – the first drop in three decades.
Neither China’s state media nor Xi himself have given explicit voice to an ambition to surpass or otherwise replace America’s economic heft.
But the country’s development blueprint for 2035 set a target of doubling 2020s national economic output, which would require an average annual growth of 4.7 per cent for 15 years.
Chinese leaders appear to see rivalry with the US as an all-around contest of national strength – one which includes economic size, technology and value chains among many other fronts – and seem to believe time is on their side.
China should focus on high-quality development and stick to reform and opening up to benefit the people
“Discussions about the GDP race may grab some eyeballs, but this means little to ordinary Chinese,” said Li Xiangyang, director of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences’ National Institute of International Strategy, at a forum in Beijing last year.
“China should focus on high-quality development and stick to reform and opening up to benefit the people,” Li said, pointing to a waning interest in economic size and great power rivalry.
The 2024 official growth target has been set at around 5 per cent in a repeat of last year – though China will have to defy the odds to pull it off.
“Now that the West is using GDP to bad-mouth the Chinese economy, Beijing will have [political grounds] to grow the economy bigger to counter the narrative,” said Alex Ma, an assistant professor of public administration at Peking University.
Zimmerman said Beijing had opened itself up to criticism because it appears incapable or unwilling to take corrective action to address economic troubles, which only makes those troubles more evident.
“China will never surpass the US if it remains on this path, and it’s likely to only get worse,” he warned.
