SYLVIE DOUGLIS, BYLINE: This is PLANET MONEY from NPR.
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SARAH GONZALEZ, HOST:
Last summer, Adewale Maye went on a big vacation to Europe.
ADEWALE MAYE: It was my very first time in Europe. Oh, it was beautiful. I think…
GONZALEZ: Adewale’s first stop was Spain. He was there during the week – Monday, Tuesday…
MAYE: And everyone’s outside, you know, eating, catching a coffee. They’re playing just, like, having fun, doing things, just flying kites. And I know…
GONZALEZ: Like, adults? Like…
MAYE: Like, adults. Yeah, like…
GONZALEZ: Adults. OK.
MAYE: I legit saw someone who was, like, 50 years old who was just, like, playing outside. I think they were playing frisbee. It was just like, wow, that’s just very, very nice. Working-age adults.
GONZALEZ: Working-age adults outside during the workday, during work hours? Adewale is just noticing this, taking it in. He’s with a buddy. They’re at lunch early into the trip.
MAYE: So we’re having paella. And my friend was, like, looking around, and he was just like, bro, what do people do here for a living?
GONZALEZ: His friend was thinking the same thing that Adewale was thinking, which was, why does it seem like so many locals are not at work?
MAYE: And, like, we’re asking around, just like, hey, like, what do you do for work? And there’s – we got all of these different responses where, you know, someone’s a seamstress, and someone’s – works at, like, an interior design studio.
GONZALEZ: And Adewale knew that this entire continent basically has a different relationship with work than the U.S. does, especially in the summer.
MAYE: Businesses are just completely closed.
GONZALEZ: Adewale is a labor economics researcher at the Economic Policy Institute. But actually seeing the European attitude toward work in person felt different. And it made Adewale think of this report he worked on a few years back.
MAYE: The name of the report is No-Vacation Nation.
GONZALEZ: No-Vacation Nation.
MAYE: Very on the nose.
GONZALEZ: In this report, Adewale looked at the 21 richest countries in the world, and he listed how many paid vacation days they all get not because of the kindness of their employers, but how many paid vacation days every single person in these countries have to – have to, have to, have to – get by law. And he found that Japan, for example, gets 10 paid vacation days for everyone on top of 15 paid holidays; Australia, 20 paid vacation days, plus eight paid holidays; Spain 25 vacation days, paid, plus 14 paid holidays. We are talking 39 days off, paid, for everyone – hairdressers, mechanics, doctors, bakers, daycare workers, train operators. Every worker in these countries is guaranteed paid vacation. Actually, every worker in all of the richest countries in the world has to get paid vacation except for workers in one rich country, the U.S.
MAYE: In America, if I could have 31, 29 days of paid vacation, what would that look like for you? What would that look like for you as a worker?
GONZALEZ: And it’s not just a rich-country thing. Mexico, Afghanistan, Thailand, Tanzania – they all, at least in the formal job sector, guarantee paid vacation from work. The U.S. is the outlier – zero paid vacation days and zero paid holidays by law. Dang.
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GONZALEZ: Oh, and the vacation that those of us in the U.S. do get from our employers – we don’t even take it all. In 2018, U.S. workers left 768 million days of earned vacation on the table – literally forfeited about $65 billion worth of vacation benefits. What is wrong with us?
Hello, and welcome to PLANET MONEY. I’m Sarah Gonzalez. Today on the show, why, how, how did this happen? How did an entire continent, basically, and much of the world get all of this guaranteed paid vacation and not the U.S.? And why don’t we even take the scroungey little vacation we do get?
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GONZALEZ: I’ve been thinking a lot about time and free time lately. And a little personal vacation backstory – I recently had 200 hours of vacation that I had not used and could not roll over into the next year. I was going to lose them, and one of my editors was like, I can probably go to bat for you and get you to keep those vacation hours, like, just this one time. And I said, nah, it’s fine; I’ll just lose them, because I had just had a baby. I took maternity leave, and I was like, I can’t just come back from leave and then take a bunch of vacation. I would feel so guilty.
But recently I’ve been like, hold on, 200 hours. That’s a whole month off of work, paid, that I left on the table. That is so much free time when free time feels so scarce to me these days. And it’s not just me. More than half of the people in this country who are lucky to get paid vacation don’t use it all. And why? Why do we do this? Why do we not use our vacation? And why is vacation seen like a privilege here? – something you wait to accrue if you get it at all?
Half of low-wage workers in the U.S. don’t get any paid vacation. So I started calling economists and historians asking them why, and I kept hearing the same thing. Europeans just value leisure far more than Americans do. And I do not accept this response because there has to be more to it. Why? Why do they – I mean, like, I…
GARY CROSS: Yeah.
GONZALEZ: …Value free time…
CROSS: Yeah.
GONZALEZ: …I think.
CROSS: Well, I – OK, why don’t Americans prioritize the right to vacations? There are a couple of things.
GONZALEZ: Gary Cross is a historian who has written a book about free time. He’s going to give us some historical context on vacation here. And he says the U.S. has never even gotten close to seriously trying for paid vacation as a right.
CROSS: Of all the things, the rights, that people have pushed for, paid vacation has never been a part of that list. It’s never been.
GONZALEZ: In Europe, countries did push for vacation in big, big ways. And they didn’t ask their individual employers. They asked their federal governments in the 1920s and the 1930s, and they got it. They had been saying, like, why do just the aristocrats get leisure? And this idea spread across Europe.
CROSS: That everybody should have some moments of – some period of release from ordinary urban and modern economic life.
GONZALEZ: Gary says time off from work, vacation, was popular across many political parties and religious groups. And it was also used for some pretty awful things, too. The fascist party in Italy, the Nazis in Germany – Gary says they actually encouraged leisure also even as they were preparing for war.
CROSS: It’s kind of ironic that one of the tools to make your citizens into warriors was to give them a vacation. But that’s one of the things that they did. You know, workers would be sent to the lakes or to the seashore, but they would, of course, develop loyalties to the regime.
GONZALEZ: Yeah. It was loyalty through leisure. And Gary says this emphasis on downtime, on time off from work did not just pop up out of nowhere. He thinks it stems from Europe’s long tradition of festivals, like, dayslong folk festivals and customs in medieval times.
CROSS: Carnival and Mardi Gras and midsummer celebrations, which were kind of like the early version of the vacation in the sense that they were multiple days where people stopped doing ordinary work.
GONZALEZ: Yeah. It was multiple days of playing. And the U.S. just didn’t have this same kind of festival, all-work-stops tradition. When Europeans came to the U.S. to what is now New England, Gary says it was largely Christians who rejected those kinds of festivals, which brings us to a big, commonly held belief that Americans just have this deeply ingrained work ethic that stems from religion. We are talking about the Puritan or Protestant work ethic here that it is godly to work and ungodly to waste time.
CROSS: You know, the traditional view was, of course, idleness is the devil’s workshop or – you know, there are various versions of that. But you don’t have to believe in the devil to feel that when you’re idle, you are somehow or another wasting precious time.
GONZALEZ: Yeah. Gary says you don’t necessarily have to believe in the Protestant doctrine to adopt this work ethic. He thinks it’s evolved and changed.
CROSS: You could make the argument that the so-called Puritan work ethic is really the kind of capitalist work ethic.
GONZALEZ: And Gary says other societies don’t really have the same kind of guilt for idleness that the U.S. does.
CROSS: I mean, I’m like that, you know? And frankly, I get a little anxious if I’m just hanging around a beach for a week, you know? And I have German friends who don’t – aren’t anxious at all. And (laughter), you know, where did I get it? I don’t know.
GONZALEZ: Yeah. But some economists really hate this Protestant Puritan work ethic argument.
DANIEL HAMERMESH: But look. Now, but – come on now. Protestant ethic – I get that all the time, and yet…
GONZALEZ: This is Daniel Hamermesh.
HAMERMESH: And yet, where’d the Protestant ethic originate? In Switzerland with the Calvinists, OK? And yet the Swiss get a lot of public holidays. They get four or five weeks of paid vacation. So the ultimate Protestant ethic people are taking a lot of time off also.
GONZALEZ: Daniel is a labor economist at the University of Texas at Austin who also wrote a book about time. And for him, the Protestant work ethic argument doesn’t fly because in 1979, the U.S. worked about the same amount on average as other rich countries – Canada, Australia, France. We all worked the same amount of hours per year. It’s just after 1979, all of those rich countries sharply began cutting their hours, working less, but not the U.S.
HAMERMESH: We are an absolute outlier in this regard. It’s very depressing.
GONZALEZ: Daniel feels very strongly about time and how we spend it. For him, this is the ultimate economic choice we make.
HAMERMESH: Because in our lives we combine time with money. Money and time go together. And one of them is always scarce for you.
GONZALEZ: Do you work more for more money or work less for more time? This is the model of the economic man theory, which basically says that the model person maximizes happiness or, you know, utility and that happiness comes from not just having money to spend, but also having time to spend that money.
Now, Daniel has looked at data on how people spend every minute of their day, and he says, actually, people in the U.S. and Europe work the same amount of hours every week. We all generally have a 40-ish hour workweek. It’s just the U.S. works more weeks. And the only, only reason for this, he says, is because we take less vacation. If you do the math, Daniel says, people in Europe work about an hour and a half less every day.
So this 1.5-hour difference, to me, feels so small.
HAMERMESH: An hour and a half a day, out of eight? That’s a huge amount, in economic terms. It’s the equivalent of one day off a week.
GONZALEZ: Right. That’s Friday. That would be like we got every Friday off.
HAMERMESH: Every Friday off or every Monday.
GONZALEZ: OK. Yeah, that’s a big difference. So all right. Daniel, who has looked at data on how people spend every minute of their day, he was going to be my ticket. He’s got to have the answers for why the U.S., relative to other countries, started working more.
HAMERMESH: I have no answer to that one. It just factually did.
GONZALEZ: So wait, I mean, you are, like, a time-work guy, a time-work economist, and you don’t have an answer for why we work so much?
HAMERMESH: I have a lot of…
GONZALEZ: Compared to Europeans?
HAMERMESH: Not completely. I have a lot of non-answers.
GONZALEZ: Non-answers – I’ll take it. We’re going to do a little process of elimination here, people. There are two fun non-answers, and the first has to do with income taxes. Daniel says some right-leaning economists and macroeconomists believe that we in the U.S. work more because our income tax is lower than some European countries. The argument is because Europe tends to have a higher income tax, people in Europe will go like, why am I going to show up for work so much? They’re going to just tax me so much. Let me just work less. It doesn’t make sense.
HAMERMESH: That’s the argument.
GONZALEZ: And because our income tax is lower in the United States, we go like, ooh, I get to keep a little bit more money, so it makes sense for me to keep showing up to work and not take time off.
HAMERMESH: That is the argument.
GONZALEZ: This is one of the oldest ideas in economics – that if you get to keep more of your paycheck, there’s more incentive to work. And you have to remember here that a lot of people in the U.S. do not get paid vacation. So the incentives for them to work instead of taking time off are bigger. And Daniel agrees with this premise. When you look at the data, Daniel says getting to keep more of your paycheck does make you work more – but just a little, little bit more.
HAMERMESH: It’s quite small and far too small to account for any differences between Europe and the U.S. So that European-American difference because of taxes just is not consistent with the evidence on how people in an individual society behave. So I’ll erase that one.
GONZALEZ: Although some macroeconomists and conservative economists would say no, yes, that is still a reason?
HAMERMESH: Yes. But the people who quote that are typically macroeconomists who really haven’t looked at the evidence of individuals.
GONZALEZ: All right. So that is the fun, conservative non-answer argument.
HAMERMESH: The lefty argument is that Americans are a consumerist society, and rich corporate advertisers are exploiting the consumers, holding these little carrots in front of our nose like a horse being urged to run, incentivizing us through these advertisements to want to work more and more to afford all these wonderful things we want to buy – a third car, a larger house, you name it.
GONZALEZ: This argument is basically that people in the U.S. are programmed to work more because we want to make more money to buy more stuff because we are inundated with advertisements. Bleak.
HAMERMESH: And, you know, it’s quite possible. But the empirical problem with that is there’s just as much corporate control in Europe. There’s just as much advertising. And I can’t believe that Europeans are so much smarter than us that they don’t get themselves – get led by the nose by these people. So it’s hard to see why with no difference in the amount of advertising, no difference in our basic nature, why they should have this different outcome in terms of vacations from what we have.
GONZALEZ: So the fun, dark, lefty argument that we work more to buy more because of advertisers – Daniel says this one doesn’t fly for him, either. So, so far, we have no great answers. I’m, like, at this point, desperate for an answer. And I’m like, there has to be something. Like, there has to be – we’re not just, like, so inherently different as people.
HAMERMESH: No. We’re not at all different as people, I don’t think…
GONZALEZ: We’re not at – OK. Right.
HAMERMESH: …Not in the least. I mean, again, I can refute certain things explaining it, as I have. So I can say no, but I can’t say why yes, OK?
GONZALEZ: No, not OK, Daniel.
So I just kept asking more economists and more labor historians what really does explain why vacation has never been a big priority in the U.S. and why we don’t even take the vacation that we do get. And eventually someone said, try this guy at MIT. And finally, I got a satisfying answer – after the break.
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GONZALEZ: So, yes, the U.S. has a reputation for being workaholics. We worry we won’t be seen as hardworking if we take a lot of time off or that we’ll miss out on career opportunities. And kind of because this, the U.S. has this reputation that we value money more than time. And Europeans have this reputation of valuing time more, leisure. But, I mean, you know, like, French people are not just born valuing leisure, but we come out valuing money – that’s not a thing. Something must have caused this, right? So for a satisfying answer on this one, I went to Tom Kochan at MIT, who – ahem – left a lake house during vacation to do this interview. So you’re a workaholic also, like the rest of us.
TOM KOCHAN: Guilty as charged.
GONZALEZ: Tom studies work and employment and unions, and he says there was a time when unions helped workers get the things that they asked for, in the 1930s. That’s when we got the minimum wage and overtime and Social Security. But Tom says it was a very unique moment in history when workers had more power than businesses. But after that, Tom says, businesses regained power again. And they started saying, we don’t want the federal government to mandate worker benefits. We’ll decide that.
KOCHAN: We will respond to the labor market, if necessary, to keep our workers and to be competitive in the labor market, but don’t tell us how we should run our enterprise and how we should treat our workforce.
GONZALEZ: Tom says the 1930s was kind of our window, our chance to get something like guaranteed paid vacation. But, Tom says, back then some unions actually kind of drew a line at vacation.
KOCHAN: There was also a view among unions that, look, we don’t necessarily have to push for all of these things through legislation because then, if we did, then people might say, well, why do I need a union?
GONZALEZ: Oh, so this is, like, a known thing, that unions – like, if we ask for everything at the federal level, there would be no point in unions?
KOCHAN: Absolutely. The AFL…
GONZALEZ: Oh, no.
KOCHAN: …American Federation of Labor in particular was very strong on saying, this is for the private sector. This is for what unions exist to do.
GONZALEZ: The plot thickens. We were sabotaged. No. But, yeah, this is one of the interpretations for how things went down back then. And Tom says this is maybe why, in the end, we didn’t get a bunch of benefits guaranteed by federal policy.
KOCHAN: Vacation was just one example of this concern.
GONZALEZ: What were some of the other things outside of vacation?
KOCHAN: Pensions – pension, private pensions – health insurance – those are the big three.
GONZALEZ: The big three – pensions, health insurance, time off through vacations – were left off the table. Instead, we got collective bargaining rights, which basically say we can bargain and negotiate with our individual employers for pension, health care and vacation. Now, we should say that the U.S. is also known for not passing these work benefits because of racism. A bunch of people in the U.S. back then didn’t want Black people, for example, to get these benefits, so no one got them.
But in Europe, everyone gets the big three – vacation, pension, health care – as a right. Vacation started spreading in Europe in the 1920s and ’30s, and health care came in waves in the 1940s, ’70s and ’80s. And maybe this is why European countries started cutting their hours after 1979, but not the U.S. Like, maybe Europeans were, like, OK, we’re getting all these benefits, plus we’re just generally getting richer. Maybe work is not so important anymore. But when you do have to pay for these things, like we do in the U.S. – maybe that’s why work is so important here.
And so when you do have to negotiate for health insurance, pension, asking for vacation kind of falls to the bottom of the list?
KOCHAN: Yeah. It’s a much lower priority.
GONZALEZ: I mean, this does seem like the best argument to me about how – why we differ.
KOCHAN: Yeah.
GONZALEZ: Yeah. OK.
KOCHAN: Yes. If given the option, workers are historically more interested in seeing their take-home pay increase than they are…
GONZALEZ: Yeah.
KOCHAN: …In getting another day or week of vacation.
GONZALEZ: It makes so much more sense to me now. Like, we don’t just value money more than other people. Maybe, maybe we just need money to pay for health insurance or whatever. This feels good. This feels right to me. And even Daniel Hamermesh, who doesn’t like any of the theories on this – he likes Tom’s theory.
HAMERMESH: I like that one. I hadn’t heard it. He’s probably wrong, but at least I can’t prove he’s wrong. And that’s pretty good compared to all the other explanations.
GONZALEZ: I’m going to tell him you said that, Daniel.
HAMERMESH: No. That’s good. No. I like it.
GONZALEZ: OK. He likes it. But really, Daniel says, we’re looking for answers in the wrong place. He says economics cannot answer this one.
HAMERMESH: I can’t stress enough, as much as I love economics, in the end, this is a political issue.
GONZALEZ: Yeah. Daniel says this is really about political will and the political appetite. But he says talking about vacation and questioning why the U.S. is the only rich country that doesn’t guarantee it is valuable.
HAMERMESH: ‘Cause it can put in people’s heads the idea that maybe there is a different way. And the very fact of talking about it and getting it out there in the public, I think, should stimulate people to worry about that. That’s the reason I’m talking to you today about this.
GONZALEZ: Daniel says talking about vacation can help change the culture. Like, maybe bosses will start taking more vacation and encourage workers to take more, too. Like, if we’re all taking vacation, maybe that will make us feel less guilty about it ’cause, you know, working a lot and not taking vacation because that is what you want to do – that’s fine. But a lot of people do not want to work as much as they do, and they would be happy to have any paid time off.
And even me – I mean, I do genuinely enjoy my work. I love being a reporter. I feel like I have worked so hard to get to this exact place, and I love it. But, like, I’m going to work for 35 more years, like, until I’m 70, and that’s when I’m going to take big, long vacations? That cannot be what life is about. So the other day, because of this episode, I asked for a last-minute two-week vacation. I leave in a week.
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GONZALEZ: Do you have a better theory for why Americans don’t get as much vacation as Europeans? Send us an email, [email protected], or slide into our Instagram DMs. We’re @planetmoney. Today’s show was produced by Sam Yellowhorse Kesler. It was edited by Jess Jiang, fact-checked by Sierra Juarez and engineered by Maggie Luthar. Alex Goldmark is our executive producer. I’m Sarah Gonzalez. This is NPR. Thanks for listening. Take your vacation.
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