Mozambique has always been subject to persistent food insecurity, due in part to low investment in food production and natural disasters. Now it is witnessing on its doorstep a shock coming from the Russian-Ukrainian war – sharply rising food prices.
Matilde Jose, 40, is a vegetable saleswoman in the city of Chimoio in central Mozambique. Sitting in a stake and grass tent, she talks about difficult days for herself and her children.
“Life is expensive. The price of rice, corn and oil is rising,” she said. “It’s getting harder and harder to get food for my kids,” she added.
With the rise in prices of essential goods many low-income families are struggling to put food on the table.
According to official statistics, in the first half of the year Mozambique recorded the biggest price increase in five years (11.7 per cent), with the price of food products rising by 17.9 per cent). According to experts, the war between Russia and Ukraine reveals only “an old phenomenon”: weak investments in food production.
Not considered a priority
“Food production has not been considered a priority,” commented Antonio Souto, a Mozambican senior economist, who is an expert on agribusiness.
Instead, “investments in agricultural production have been focused mainly on the production of export goods such as tobacco, cotton, cashews, sugar and, more recently, sesame, soybeans and sisal”, he said.
As a result, Mozambique has become an “importer of maize, rice, food oil and other essential goods to ensure food security”.
Mozambique is one of the eight largest wheat importers from Ukraine and Russia in sub-Saharan Africa, according to IMF data. From Ukraine Mozambique also imports fertilisers and food oil.
Its productive dependence on the two countries in the food sector as well as outages caused by the pandemic that exacerbated trade deficits and made imports more expensive, are to blame for the rise in the price of essential goods in the country.
Regional trade gaps
Intraregional trade could be an alternative to alleviate the burden, but Mozambique’s food production sector is far from taking advantage of the opening of regional borders.
“In the region we do not yet have comparable economies, as South Africa persists as the large and only industrial hub, and Mozambique has no manufacturing industry, particularly in the food chain sector”, Souto said.
Despite these constraints, Mozambique is trying to run faster to solve problems of domestic productive inefficiency. The government in August 2022 adopted a package of measures for the agriculture sector, including reduction of the tax of companies in the agricultural sector from 32 per cent to 10 per cent, and the exemption from VAT on imports of agricultural inputs. At the time, President Filipe Nyusi called on the private sector to start investing inwheat production.
The measures, though, are considered by some not to have gone far enough.
Smallholder farmers
“The priority should be creating conditions for the millions of smallholder farmers or family farmers to improve the productivity of their food crops and ensure that the thousands of families affected and displaced by disasters and war can restart production in a more resilient way,” Souto said.
Difficult access to finance and technology are some of the constraints many farmers face.
“The financial instruments needed to reactivate the network of thousands of rural traders is of extreme importance because one of the worst fatalities of agricultural production is post-harvest losses”, the agrobusiness expert said.
Technology
Francisco Correia, 50, leads a smallholder farmers’ association called Nzara ya Pera (famine is over) in Vanduzi, central Mozambique, which is producing soybeans in an area of 50.6 hectares.
“We produce these crops because they are tolerant to drought”, he said.
The association of about 40 smallholder farmers is an example of how technology transfer and partnerships can boost agricultural production and increase the income of rural families.
Members of the association use part of the production to feed their families and sell the surplus to entrepreneurs in the poultry and livestock sectors.
Benefiting from the support of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (Agra), Nzara ya Pera has been working in partnership with Phoenix Seeds, an improved seed production company.
“The company offers us improved seeds and guarantees the purchase of our surpluses at a good price”, said the association’s leader.
Production technologies
In addition to encouraging partnerships between smallholder farmers and businesses, Agra supports farmers in agricultural production technologies, and technical support to Phoenix Seeds in the production of improved seeds.
According to the Phoenix representative, Jorge Shibhanda, the company has the capacity to produce 3,000 tonnes of seeds, but due to the lack of market it produces half its capacity, mostly nhemba beans, corn and sunflower.
According to Agra representative Benvindo Verde, the organisation carried out interventions for the development of agriculture in several areas, with emphasis on improved seed production.
“Our goal is for this seed to reach producers through distribution mechanisms on the market and for producers to be able to use these seeds”, he said.
Another area of intervention was studies for the formulation of fertilisers suitable for the different types of soils in the country.
“We are teaching producers about the advantages of using proper fertilisers and with that, we expect an increase in food production”.
However, these activities ran into some challenges, including the floods and cyclones in the centre and north of the country and the Covid-19 pandemic.
Climate change factor
Mozambique suffers cyclical natural disasters such as cyclones, droughts and floods that compromise food production. The country, however, does not have a strategy to protect and make the food sector more resilient.
“What has been done are the well-known post-disaster relief and assistance interventions,” Souto noted.
In addition to implementing strategies to address natural disasters, Souto argues that policy and economic decision makers should focus more on implementing a food security strategy.
In October the European Union announced a €23 million ($22.4 million) grant to help Mozambique mitigate food insecurity caused by uncertain weather and macroeconomic conditions. Funding will be channelled to programmes to sustainably increase food security and resilience.
